Differential Diagnosis: (1) Normal foot (not demonstrated), (2) Mixed Pattern, (3) PMs foot and (4) PCFD.
Knee Bend Test findings (KBT) with each foot type:

(1) Normal foot - no structural or functional deformity (not demonstrated) - Standing, knees extended, little or no pronation; Standing, knees flexed, little or no pronation.

(2) Mixed Pattern - knees extended, one foot pronated the other supinated; knees flexed, both feet are pronated (See Top Animation)

(3) Primus Metatarsus Supinatus foot - Standing, knees extended, little or no pronation; Standing, knees flexed, both feet are pronated (See Cases 1 & 2)  To view animated photos of Case 2, click here.

Preclinical Clubfoot Deformity (PCFD)

(3) Preclinical Clubfoot Deformity -  Standing, knees extended, both feet are pronated; Standing, knees flexed, both feet are pronated (See Case 3)  To view animated photos of a PCFD during a KBT, click here.

Directions for positioning patient, click here



Mixed (Ascending and Descending) Pattern